Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani

Ari Mecky Prawira Ketaren; Edo Hamdani Oktavianus Sipayung

doi:10.67467/jisep.v2i3.204

Authors

Ari Mecky Prawira Ketaren Universitas Audi Indonesia Author
Edo Hamdani Oktavianus Sipayung Universitas Audi Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.67467/jisep.v2i3.204

Keywords:

Problem Based Learning, critical thinking skills, Physical Education, elementary school, student-centered learning

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' critical thinking skills in Physical Education learning at the fourth grade of SD Negeri 106790 Sei Mencirim. The study employed a quantitative approach using a pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest–Posttest Design. The participants consisted of 30 fourth-grade students selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a critical thinking skills test, classroom observation sheets, and documentation. The research instruments were validated and tested for reliability prior to implementation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, paired sample t-test, normalized gain (N-Gain), and Cohen’s effect size with IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. The findings revealed that the mean score of students' critical thinking skills increased from 55.50 in the pretest to 78.80 in the posttest. The paired sample t-test indicated a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.05). The N-Gain result was classified as moderate, while the Effect Size indicated a very large educational impact. These findings demonstrate that the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning model effectively enhances students' critical thinking skills through problem-solving activities, collaborative discussions, investigation, and reflective learning processes. This study implies that Problem-Based Learning can serve as an effective instructional alternative to promote critical thinking skills and support student-centered learning in elementary school Physical Education.

References

Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Waddington, D. I., Wade, A., & Persson, T. (2015). Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 85(2), 275–314.

Arends, R. I. (2012). Learning to teach (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Arikunto, S. (2019). Prosedur penelitian: Suatu pendekatan praktik (Rev. ed.). Rineka Cipta.

Azwar, S. (2018). Reliabilitas dan validitas (4th ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.

Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & BERA Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Special Interest Group. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: An academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 1–27.

Barrows, H. S. (1986). A taxonomy of Problem-Based Learning methods. Medical Education, 20(6), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01386.x

Bonafide, D. Y., Yuberti, Saregar, A., & Fasa, M. I. (2021). Problem-Based Learning model on students’ critical-thinking skills: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, citation count: 16.

Bonafide, D. Y., Yuberti, Saregar, A., & Fasa, M. I. (2021). Problem-Based Learning model on students’ critical-thinking skills: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1796.

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Houghton Mifflin.

Casey, A., & Goodyear, V. A. (2015). Can cooperative learning achieve the four learning outcomes of physical education? A review of literature. Quest, 67(1), 56–72.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dyson, B., Griffin, L. L., & Hastie, P. (2004). Sport education, tactical games, and cooperative learning: Theoretical and pedagogical considerations. Quest, 56(2), 226–240.

Ennis, R. H. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. Routledge.

Facione, P. A. (2015). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts (7th ed.). Insight Assessment.

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage.

Fitriadi, F., Herpratiwi, H., Yulianti, D., Setiyadi, A. B., Hariri, H., Sunyono, S., Haenilah, E. Y., & Mukhlis, H. (2024). Enhancing critical thinking in elementary education: A systematic review of effective learning models. Multidisciplinary Reviews.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2019). How to design and evaluate research in education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Ghozali, I. (2021). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 26 (10th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Harvey, S., & Jarrett, K. (2014). A review of the game-centred approaches to teaching and coaching literature since 2006. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(3), 278–300.

Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-Based Learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235–266.

Kemendikbudristek. (2022). Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 56/M/2022 tentang Pedoman Penerapan Kurikulum dalam Rangka Pemulihan Pembelajaran. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi.

Kirk, D. (2010). Physical education futures. Routledge.

Kuhn, D. (2019). A developmental model of critical thinking. Educational Researcher, 48(1), 12–23.

Kusumo, B. J., Novaliyosi, Yuhana, Y., & Syamsuri. (2025). A systematic literature review on the application of Problem-Based Learning in students' critical thinking abilities. Jurnal Absis: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Matematika.

Lu, L., Mustakim, S. S., & Muhamad, M. M. (2025). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning on critical thinking. European Journal of Educational Research. https://consensus.app/papers/details/037a3875aa95563f87ce8568b250c242/

Nicholus, G., Muwonge, C., & Joseph, N. (2023). The role of Problem-Based Learning approach in teaching and learning physics: A systematic literature review. F1000Research, 12.

OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results. OECD Publishing.

Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2019). Framework for 21st century learning. Battelle for Kids.

Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2019). The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools. Foundation for Critical Thinking.

Piaget, J. (1972). The psychology of the child. Basic Books.

Ranggi, N. L., Yokhebed, Ramli, M., & Yuliani, H. (2021). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning towards critical thinking skills in science learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1842.

Sa’diyah, H., Umalihayati, Hidayah, R., Salimi, M., Widi Fajari, L. E., Mashudi, & Aini, S. (2024). The effect of Problem Based Learning model on critical thinking skills in elementary school: A meta analysis study. Jurnal Iqra’: Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan.

Savery, J. R. (2006). Overview of Problem-Based Learning: Definitions and distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1), 9–20.

Schmidt, H. G., Rotgans, J. I., & Yew, E. H. J. (2011). The process of Problem-Based Learning: What works and why. Medical Education, 45(8), 792–806.

Sharma, S., Saragih, I. D., Tarihoran, D. E., & Chou, F. (2022). Outcomes of Problem-Based Learning in nurse education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today, 120, 105631.

Strobel, J., & van Barneveld, A. (2009). When is PBL more effective? A meta-synthesis of meta-analyses comparing PBL to conventional classrooms. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 3(1), 44–58.

Su, T., Liu, J., Meng, L., Luo, Y., Ke, Q., & Xie, L. (2025). The effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing critical thinking skills in medical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Education.

Sugiyono. (2023). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (2nd ed.). Alfabeta.

Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.

UNESCO. (2015). Quality physical education: Guidelines for policy-makers. UNESCO.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

World Economic Forum. (2023). The future of jobs report 2023. World Economic Forum.

Yew, E. H. J., & Goh, K. (2016). Problem-Based Learning: An overview of its process and impact on learning. Health Professions Education, 2(2), 75–79.